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Respiratory infection

1001

Antiviral activity of EIDD-1931 and Remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 variants in a 3D mucociliary tissue models consisting of normal human-derived tracheal/bronchial (EpiAirway) and nasal (EpiNasal) epithelial cells

In vitro assays are an important early step to determine the potential antiviral activity of novel compounds. The antiviral efficacy of compounds is often evaluated in immortalized cell lines, which offer the advantage of cost effectiveness, ease of use, and reproducibility. However, these monolayer cell lines are not always predictive for cytotoxicity or in vivo […]
970

Mitoxantrone modulates a heparan sulfate‑spike complex to inhibit SARS‑CoV‑2 infection

Spike-mediated entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human airway epithelial cells is an attractive therapeutic target for COVID-19. In addition to protein receptors, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein also interacts with heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attached to certain membrane proteins on the cell surface. This interaction facilitates the engagement of spike with a downstream […]
932

Modeling SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Infections and Antiviral Treatments in Human Lung 2 Epithelial Tissue Equivalents

Sever acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the third coronavirus in less than 20 years to spillover from an animal reservoir and cause severe disease in humans. High impact respiratory viruses such a pathogenic beta-coronaviruses and influenza viruses, as well as other emerging respiratory viruses, pose an ongoing global health threat to humans. There is […]
907

Prolonged infectious SARS-CoV-2 shedding from an asymptomatic immunocompromised cancer patient.

Long-term SARS-CoV-2 shedding was observed from the upper respiratory tract of a female immunocompromised patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acquired hypogammaglobulinemia. Shedding of infectious SARS-CoV-2 was observed up to 70 days, and genomic and subgenomic RNA up to 105 days past initial diagnosis. The infection was not cleared after a first treatment with convalescent […]
902

Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness and neutralization susceptibility

A spike protein mutation D614G became dominant in SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the mutational impact on viral spread and vaccine efficacy remains to be defined. Here we engineer the D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 strain and characterize its effect on viral replication, pathogenesis, and antibody neutralization. The D614G mutation significantly enhances SARS-CoV-2 […]
887

Remdesivir potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human lung cells and chimeric SARS-CoV expressing the SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase in mice.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019 as the causative agent of the novel pandemic viral disease COVID-19. With no approved therapies, this pandemic illustrates the urgent need for safe, broad-spectrum antiviral countermeasures against SARS-CoV-2 and future emerging CoVs. We report that remdesivir (RDV), a monophosphoramidate prodrug of an adenosine analog, potently […]
885

In Search of Preventative Strategies: Novel Anti Inflammatory High-CBD Cannabis Sativa Extracts Modulate ACE2 Expression in COVID-19 Gateway Tissues

With the rapidly growing pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the new and challenging to treat zoonotic SARS-CoV2 coronavirus, there is an urgent need for new therapies and prevention strategies that can help curtail disease spread and reduce mortality. Inhibition of viral entry and thereby spread constitute plausible therapeutic avenues. Similar to other respiratory pathogens, SARS-CoV2 […]
844

Organotypic in vitro human airway models can recapitulate aspects of pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a debilitating, typically fatal condition that may be caused by a variety of factors, including occupational and environmental exposures, drugs such as amiodarone and bleomycin, radiation exposure and genetic predisposition. However, in 20-30% of cases the cause is unknown (i.e. idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF). Currently approved IPF drugs (pirfenidone, nintedanib) have […]
806

Antiviral Activity of Ribavirin, 2’,3’-Dideoxicitidine, Pirodavir, Oseltamivir and Infergen™ against RSV, Adeno-2, Rhino-14, Influenza and HCoV-EMC Infection in Differentiated Normal Bronchial Epithelial (dNHBE) Cells

The antiviral activity of ribavirin, 2’,3’-ddC, pirodavir, oseltamivir and Infergen™ was evaluated against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus type 2, rhinovirus type 14, influenza, and human coronavirus HCoV-EMC in a highly differentiated, three-dimensional, ex vivo model of normal human bronchial (dNHBE) cells. Antiviral activity was measured by virus yield reduction assays 3-6 days after infection in the presence of […]
562

ESTABLISHMENT OF A 3D AIRWAY MODEL FOR RESPIRATORY INFECTION.

Summary: Battelle utilizes the EpiAirway 3D respiratory tract tissue model for respiratory pathogen infection studies and for comparison of response to infection in the 3D in vitro tissue models derived from normal, asthmatic, smoker, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) donor tissues. Battelle has demonstrated that the EpiAirway tissues can be cultured for extended periods […]
760

Phenotypic Responses of Differentiated Asthmatic Human Airway Epithelial Cultures to Rhinovirus

Objectives: Human airway epithelial cells are the principal target of human rhinovirus (HRV), a common cold pathogen that triggers the majority of asthma exacerbations. The objectives of this study were 1) to evaluate an in vitro air liquid interface cultured human airway epithelial cell model for HRV infection, and 2) to identify gene expression patterns […]
755

HUMAN BOCAVIRUS 1 INFECTS COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE PRIMARY HUMAN AIRWAY EPITHELIUM CULTURES PRODUCTIVELY.

Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), a human parvovirus, belongs to the genus Bocavirus of the Parvoviridae family. It causes wheezing in young children with acute respiratory tract infections. HBoV1 has been shown to infect polarized human airway epithelium (HAE) made in house, and induces airway epithelial damage. In this study, two commercially available HAE cultures, EpiAirway […]
753

INTERACTION BETWEEN THE HEMAGGLUTININ-NEURAMINIDASE AND FUSION GLYCOPROTEINS OF HUMAN PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS TYPE III REGULATES VIRAL GROWTH IN VIVO.

Paramyxoviruses, enveloped RNA viruses that include human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3), cause the majority of childhood viral pneumonia. HPIV3 infection starts when the viral receptor-binding protein engages sialic acid receptors in the lung and the viral envelope fuses with the target cell membrane. Fusion/entry requires interaction between two viral surface glycoproteins: tetrameric hemagglutmin-neuraminidase (HN) […]
752

PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUSES IN DIVERSE SPECIES IN LOS LLANOS, COLOMBIA.

While much is known about the prevalence of influenza viruses in North America and Eurasia, their prevalence in birds and mammals in South America is largely unknown. To fill this knowledge gap and provide a baseline for future ecology and epidemiology studies, we conducted 2 years of influenza surveillance in the eastern plains (los Llanos) […]
713

INHIBITION OF HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTIVITY BY A DENDRIMERIC HEPARAN SULPHATE-BINDING PEPTIDE.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) interacts with cell surface heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) to initiate infection. The interaction of RSV with HSPGs thus presents an attractive target for the development of novel inhibitors of RSV infection. In the present study, a minilibrary of linear, dimeric and dendrimeric peptides containing clusters of basic amino acids was screened […]
711

CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTENDED CO-CULTURE OF NON-TYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE WITH PRIMARY HUMAN RESPIRATORY TISSUES.

Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are human-adapted Gram-negative bacteria that comprise part of the normal flora of the human upper airway, but are also responsible for a number of mucosal infections such as otitis media and bronchitis. These infections often recur and can become chronic. To characterize the effect of long-term co-culture of NTHi with human […]
707

APPLICATIONS OF THE PHYTOMEDICINE ECHINACEA PURPUREA (PURPLE CONEFLOWER) IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES.

Extracts of Echinacea purpurea (EP, purple coneflower) have been used traditionally in North America for the treatment of various types of infections and wounds, and they have become very popular herbal medicines globally. Recent studies have revealed that certain standardized preparations contain potent and selective antiviral and antimicrobial activities. In addition, they display multiple immune-modulatory […]
704

ADAPTATION OF HUMAN PARAINFLUENZA VIRUS TO AIRWAY EPITHELIUM REVEALS FUSION PROPERTIES REQUIRED FOR GROWTH IN HOST TISSUE.

Paramyxoviruses, a family of RNA enveloped viruses that includes human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3), cause the majority of childhood croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia worldwide. Infection starts with host cell receptor binding and fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane at the cell surface. The fusion process requires interaction of the two viral […]
659

USE OF THE EPIAIRWAY MODEL FOR CHARACTERIZING LONG-TERM HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS.

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are human-adapted Gram-negative bacteria that can cause recurrent and chronic infections of the respiratory mucosa 1; 2. To study the mechanisms by which these organisms survive on and inside respiratory tissues, a model in which successful long-term co-culture of bacteria and human cells can be performed is required. We use primary […]