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UV radiation

916

Evaluation of Inflammation by Cytokine Production Following Combined Exposure to Ultraviolet and Radiofrequency Radiation of Mobile Phones on 3D Reconstructed Human Skin In Vitro

The absorption of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) emitted by wireless devices leads to a high specific absorption rate in the skin. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can induce several damages to the skin. The aim of this study was to examine whether combined, consecutive exposure to solar UV radiation and 1950 MHz RF exposure of third generation […]
864

Oxidative stress in corneal injuries of different origin: Utilization of 3D human corneal epithelial tissue model

The purpose of the current work was to utilize a three dimensional (3D) corneal epithelial tissue model to study dry eye disease and oxidative stress-related corneal epithelial injuries for the advancement of ocular therapeutics. Air-liquid interface cultures of normal human corneal epithelial cells were used to produce 3D corneal epithelial tissues appropriate for physiologically relevant […]
795

Total Defense + Repair: A Novel Concept in Solar Protection and Skin Rejuvenation

For more than a century, solar radiation has been known to contribute Significantly to the extrinsic aging of skin. Until recently, this was almost exclusively attributed to the photodamage caused by ultraviolet (UV) light. However, a growing body of evidence now indicates that both infrared (IR) and visible light may also contribute to extrinsic skin aging. Infrared […]
293

EPIDERM™ FULL THICKNESS (EPIDERMFT™), A DERMAL/EPIDERMAL SKIN EQUIVALENT WITH A FULLY DEVELOPED BASEMENT MEMBRANE.

Paracrine signaling between dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes is believed to modulate skin responses during contact irritant or allergic reactions. Dermal fibroblasats also play an important role in photo-aging and photo-damage, wound healing and cancer progression. To enable in vitro study of these and other dermal phenomena in which fibroblast-epidermal keratinocyte interactions are important, a […]
328

WOUND HEALING RESPONSE OF A FULL THICKNESS IN VITRO HUMAN SKIN EQUIVALENT (EPIDERM-FT™ 200) AFTER SOLAR UV-IRRADIATION.

Normal human epidermal keratinocytes (KC) and dermal fibroblasts (FB) were cultured to produce full-thickness skin equivalents with FB-containing dermal and stratified epidermal components and fully developed basement membrane at the dermal/epidermal junction (EpiDermFT 200). The wound healing response of EpiDermFT after solar UV-irradiation was compared to excised human skin. H&E stained paraffin sections of EpiDermFT […]
334

CONTRIBUTION OF UVB AND UVA TO UV- DEPENDENT STIMULATION OF CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 EXPRESSION IN ARTIFICIAL EPIDERMIS.

Both UVB (280–320 nm) and UVA (320–400 nm) radiation lead to an enhanced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in epidermal cells in various in-vitro and in-vivo models. It is demonstrated here that the expression of COX-2 is induced in artificial human epidermis exposed to simulated solar light (>290 nm). Employing filters eliminating specified regions from the […]
289

REGULATION OF ANGIOGENESIS FACTORS BY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION OR HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN THE EPIDERM IN VITRO SKIN EQUIVALENT.

Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) released by epidermis in response to environmental stimuli modulate new blood vessel growth (angiogenesis), a critical step in skin tumor progression and metastasis. Placenta growth factor (PlGF), a related angiogenic member of the VEGF family, is also expressed by epidermal keratinocytes. In order to evaluate the relative importance of VEGF […]
535

POMEGRANATE DERIVED PRODUCTS FOR CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION.

This study by researchers in the University of Wisconsin’s Dept. of Dermatology used Mattek’s EpiDermFT full-thickness in vitro 3-D human skin tissue equivalent because it “sustains differentiation and exhibits morphological and metabolic properties similar to human skin”, to demonstrate the effect of a test substance applied to EpiDerm-FT to prevent skin cancer. Because treatment options […]
526

NFAT REGULATES INDUCTION OF COX-2 AND APOPTOSIS OF KERATINOCYTES IN RESPONSE TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION EXPOSURE.

This study by researchers at Newcastle Univesity and the Royal Victoria Infirmary demonstrated that Mattek’s EpiDermFT full-thickness in vitro human skin tissue equivalent is an excellent in vitro model to investigate the wavelengths of UV radiation that activate specific skin NFAT transcription factors and the biological function of UV activated NFAT. The nuclear factor of […]
493

MOLECULAR RESPONSE OF NASAL MUCOSA TO THERAPEUTIC EXPOSURE TO BROAD-BAND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION.

This study by researchers at MD Anderson Cancer Center (USA), the University of Szeged (Hungary), the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Hungary), McGill University (Canada) and Victor Babes University (Romania) demonstrated that Mattek’s EpiAirway in vitro human tracheal/bronchial tissue equivalent and EpiDerm in vitro human skin tissue equivalent can be used to model the UV-induced DNA […]
473

HUMAN SKIN RESPONSES TO UV RADIATION: PIGMENT IN THE UPPER EPIDERMIS PROTECTS AGAINST DNA DAMAGE IN THE LOWER EPIDERMIS AND FACILITATES APOPTOSIS.

This study by researchers at the National Cancer Institute and the US Food and Drug Administration demonstrated how Mattek’s MelanoDerm reconstructed 3-D in vitro human skin tissues containing both keratinocytes and melanocytes could be used to investigate how increased melanin concentrations in human skin can act as a UV radiation “filter”, a phenomenon first seen […]
471

SOX9 IS A KEY PLAYER IN ULTRAVIOLET B-INDUCED MELANOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION AND PIGMENTATION.

This study by researchers from the National Cancer Institute (USA) and the Universite de Nice Sophia–Antipolis (France) demonstrated the ability to use MelanoDerm, one of Mattek’s re-constructed skin models, as a surrogate to assess the effect of UVB radiation on SOX9 expression in human skin in vivo. SOX (SRY type HMG box) proteins are transcription […]
497

FORSKOLIN PROTECTS KERATINOCYTES FROM UVB-INDUCED APOPTOSIS AND INCREASES DNA REPAIR INDEPENDENT OF ITS EFFECTS ON MELANOGENESIS.

This study by researchers in the Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute (National Institutes of Health) demonstrated that Mattek’s melanocyte/keratinocyte-containing MelanoDerm in vitro human skin tissue equivalent can be used to investigate the ability of a topically applied compound to prevent UVB-induced DNA damage in keratinocytes independent of melanin production in melanocytes. Melanin pigments […]
143

PRESENCE OF HYDROCORTISONE DRAMATICALLY AFFECTS CYTOKINE PRODUCTION FOLLOWING UV IRRADIATION IN 3-DIMENSIONAL SKIN MODEL EPIDERM.

Dating back to work originally done by Rheinwald and Green, hydrocortisone (HC) is commonly used in culture media for epithelial cells, especially keratinocytes. In the culture of EpiDerm™, a highly differentiated, three-dimensional model of the human epidermis, this additive is included in the culture media. However, HC is a glucocorticoid, known for its anti-inflammatory efficacy. […]
228

AN IN VITRO METHOD FOR SCREENING ANTI-IRRITANTS ON UV AND CHEMICALLY TREATED, RECONSTITUTED, THREE DIMENSIONAL HUMAN SKIN.

A great need exists in the cosmetics industry for in vitro screening methods that can provide accurate predictions of potential product or ingredient irritation. A variety of in vitro methods exist that utilize cell cultures, some of these focusing on the effects of irritants on specific cytokine release. However, these are not suitable for the […]
224

EVALUATION OF THE USEFULNESS OF 3-D MODELS OF RECONSTITUTED HUMAN SKIN AND EPIDERMIS IN APPLICATIONS OF REGULATORY SKIN TOXICOLOGY: PREVALIDATION, VALIDATION, CATCH-UP VALIDATION, AND REGULATORY ACCEPTANCE.

In 1991 we evaluated a model of full human skin (Skin2, ATS, La Jolla) for phototoxicity testing. The test developed showed promising results as an adjunct to a test performed with Balb/c 3T3 cells. While it detected acute phototoxins correctly, it classified those chemicals negative, that are known photoallergic in humans, but are not phototoxic […]
209

A REPRODUCIBLE SKIN MODEL FOR DERMAL SAFETY AND EFFICACY TESTING.

The utility of any toxicological test system or method critically depends on the short and long term reproducibility of the method. Over the past 6 years, histological observations and quantitative quality control test methods utilizing the MTT assay have established a high level of intra-lot and inter-lot reproducibility for Mattek’s organotypic skin model, EpiDerm™. Interestingly, […]
205

A REPRODUCIBLE, STRUCTURALLY APPROPRIATE SKIN MODEL FOR DERMAL SAFETY AND EFFICACY TESTING.

The ability to determine, in vitro, the safety and efficacy profile for a material contacting the skin critically depends on the skin model’s structure and biochemistry. In addition, to be useful, the model must have a high level of intra-lot and inter-lot reproducibility. For this reason, the structure, biochemical nature, and reproducibility of the organotypic […]
169

PREVALIDATION OF TESTS FOR PREDICTING SKIN CORROSIVITY AND PHOTOTOXICITY USING AN IN VITRO MODEL OF HUMAN EPIDERMIS.

Tests for prediction of skin corrosivity and dermal phototoxicity using the model EpiDerm™ were evaluated at ZEBET in a prevalidation study funded by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM). The study comprised an interlaboratory method transfer, a refinement of test protocols and prediction models, and a blind trial involving three laboratories […]
119

UVB IRRADIATION OF AN ORGANOTYPIC SKIN MODEL, EPIDERM™, RESULTS IN SIGNIFICANT RELEASE OF CYTOKINES.

Ultraviolet light, especially UVB (290-320 nm), is believed to be responsible for most of the immediate and long term effects of excessive exposure to sunlight. In many cases, the initial stages of these UV induced changes are the release of cytokines. Although cytokine release from human keratinocytes in monolayer cultures following UV exposure has been […]
181

PREVALIDATION OF THE EPIDERM PHOTOTOXCITY TEST.

The EpiDerm™ phototoxicity test was chosen for prevalidation within ECVAM’s tiered prevalidation procedure, since production of the full human in vitro skin model Skin2™ had been ceased in October 1996. ZEBET had developed a test protocol of a Skin2 phototoxicity test and had obtained promising results with a refined version of this test in the […]
172

PROTECTING THE SKIN AGAINST EXOGENOUS NOXES.

The authors have monitored various parameters to evaluate the protection of skin against oxidative damage by antioxidants. Chemoluminescence and liposomal preoxidation determined the efficiency of several antioxidants.
171

EPIDERMAL STRATIFICATION REDUCES THE EFFECTS OF UVB (BUT NOT UVA) ON KERATINOCYTE CYTOKINE PRODUCTION AND CYTOTOXICITY.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation induced cytokine release from cultured keratinocytes as well as from epidermis in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine whether differentiation of cultured keratinocytes into stratified epithelium decreases the effects of UVA and UVB radiation on cytokine release. Interleukin-1 IL-1á, IL-1â and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-á release from human keratinocytes […]
155

DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW IN VITRO TEST FOR DERMAL PHOTOTOXICITY USING A MODEL OF RECONSTITUTED HUMAN EPIDERMIS (EPIDERM).

Results are reported using the human epidermis model (EpiDerm™) in a test protocol that was adopted from the method developed by ZEBET for phototoxicity testing with the model Skin2. In the new phototoxicity test the cytotoxicity of test materials applied topically to EpiDerm™ is determined at five concentrations in the absence and presence of a […]
128

AN IN VITRO METHOD TO EVALUATE THE ANTIOXIDANT EFFICACY OF TOPICAL FORMULATIONS.

We have developed a method of evaluating antioxidant efficacy in vitro using a three dimensional epidermal construct (Mattek EPI-100, Mattek Corpora-tion, Ashland, MA) which contains a well defined stratum corneum with a lipid profile similar to human skin. The EPI-100 allows direct application of test products to the stratum corneum. This method was used to […]
126

A COMPARISON STUDY OF FOUR IN VITRO PHOTOTOXICITY SYSTEMS.

Four in vitro phototoxicity systems were evaluated to determine how closely each method would reproduce the others. Eleven materials were used to evaluate these methods. All eleven materials were run in each system. Phototoxicity was evaluated using the Mattek EPI-100 dermal construct, the Advanced Tissues Sciences’ model 2K1300 dermal construct, and a monolayer of neonatal […]
116

USE OF THE Mattek EPI-100 IN VITRO SYSTEM TO SCREEN ANTIOXIDANT EFFICACY.

In this study, scientists at R. Thomas Stephens & Associates present an in vitro method to evaluate the efficacy of antioxidants and antioxidant formulations. The premise of this research is that exposure of human skin equivalents, specifically the commercially available Mattek EpiDerm EPI-100 skin model, to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation stimulates the production of oxygen […]
150

RECONSTITUTED 3-DIMENSIONAL HUMAN SKIN, A NEW IN VITRO MODEL FOR SKIN CARCINOGENESIS STUDY.

EpiDerm (Mattek Co., MA) is a newly developed reconstituted human skin equivalent that exhibits human skin-like morphological and growth characteristics. It has been utilized to evaluate the cytotoxicity and irritant potential of various cosmetic and household products. In this study, we found that EpiDerm can also be used to evaluate the genotoxicity of carcinogenic agents […]
193

LACK OF PHOTOTOXICITY OF COSMETIC FORMULATIONS CONTAINING GLYCOLIC ACID IN AN IN VITRO HUMAN SKIN MODEL.

Glycolic acid (GA) is a naturally occurring product found in sugar cane and is a member of a class of chemicals known as alpha-hydroxy acids. GA has been widely used in cosmetic and dermatological formulations for over a decade. These formulations are often used in dermal applications where they may be sub-ject to ultraviolet radiation […]
192

PREVALIDATION OF THE EPIDERM PHOTOTOXICITY TEST (ED-PT).

The EpiDerm™ phototoxicity test was chosen for prevalidation within ECVAM’s tiered prevalidation procedure. In phase 1, ZEBET drafted an SOP and project plan for conducting the study. ZEBET’s task in phase I was to adapt the existing Skin2 methodology to the specific needs of the epidermal model EpiDerm. UVA sensitivity experiments revealed 6J/cm2 as the […]
197

CHANGES IN CANCER-RELATED GENE EXPRESSION IN AN IN VITRO HUMAN SKIN MODEL FOLLOWING UVB-IRRADIATION.

UV-irradiation causes initiation and promotion of skin cancers, photoaging and immunosuppression. To further our understanding of these processes at the molecular level, we utilized cDNA array technology to examine changes in gene expression in the EpiDerm™ in vitro human skin model following irradiation with UVB (175 ml per cm2). Viability of irradiated EpiDerm tissue, as […]
122

INITIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AN EPIDERMAL MODEL CONTAINING FUNCTIONAL MELANOCYTES.

A model of the human epidermis, EpiDerm™, cultured from foreskin derived normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) has been shown to reproduce many of the histological and ultrastructural properties of native epidermis. In an effort to extend the utility and complexity of these cultures, normal human melanocytes (NHM) have recently been incorporated. Both melanocyte free and […]
188

THE PROTEASE-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR 2 REGULATES PIGMENTATION VIA KERATINOCYTE-MELANOCYTE INTERACTIONS.

Close association exists between melanocytes, the pigment melanin-producing cells in the body, and their neighboring keratinocytes. Keratinocytes are the pigment recipients and skin pigmentation is the result of this interaction. While the chemical basis of melanin production (melanogenesis) is well documented, the molecular mechanism of melanosome transfer needs to be elucidated. We are now providing […]
173

NEW RESULTS WITH MELANODERM™, AN EPIDERMAL MODEL CONTAINING FUNCTIONAL MELANOCYTES.

We have previously reported on the successful incorporation of normal human melanocytes (NHM) into a highly differentiated, three-dimensional tissue culture model of human epidermis (JID, 104(4), 616, 1995). Melanocytes exhibited dendritic morphology, were localized in the basal cell layer, and converted 1-dopa to melanin. Previously, spontaneous pigmentation of the melanocytes could not be observed using […]
217

EFFECTS OF ANTIOXIDANT INGREDIENTS ON HUMAN SKIN: FROM CELL CULTURE TESTING TO HUMAN CLINICAL TRIALS.

Cosmetic chemists have included Vitamins A, C, and 12 and other similar ingredients into skin care and cosmetic products for many years now. These ingredients and their derivatives were originally incorporated into those products for their effects in improving the appearance and feel of the skin. It has been well documented that Vitamins A and […]
212

IN VITRO TESTING FOR PHOTOTOXIC POTENTIAL USING THE EPIDERM 3-D RECONSTRUCTED SKIN MODEL.

An in vitro photocytotoxicity model using mouse 3T3 fibroblasts (the 3T3 NRU PT) has recently been validated for the detection of the phototoxic potential of test substances. Although the 3T3 NRU PT has been demonstrated to detect the phototoxic potential of both strong and weak phototoxins, irrespective of their aqueous solubility, in cases of low […]
229

AVOCADO PHYTOSTEROLS DECREASE UVB-INDUCED PRO-INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS.

Exposure of skin to UVB radiation can cause the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostanoids. Changes in the production of these mediators in the skin can decrease or increase the potentially damaging effects of UVB irradiation. In this series of experiments we investigated the effects of avocado-derived sterols on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators IL-1α, […]
235

EXPRESSION OF PLACENTA GROWTH FACTOR CYCLOOXYGENASE AND THYMUS-AND ACTIVATION-REGULATED CHEMOKINE IN THE EPIDERM IN VITRO HUMAN SKIN EQUIVALENT.

In vitro skin equivalent models are finding increased utility as tools in basic skin research, safety assessment and product development processes. To further utilization for these purposes, we are currently defining a growing list of physiologically significant molecular endpoints to monitor the effects of experimental treatments on EpiDerm™ in vitro human skin tissue. In the […]
164

ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION UPREGULATES THE PRODUCTION OF MACROPHAGE MIGRATION INHIBITORY FACTOR (MIF) IN HUMAN EPIDERMAL KERATINOCYTES.

Human epidermal cells are capable of secreting various cytokines with immunologic, inflammatory, and proliferative properties. In a previous study, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis, we have shown that human epidermal keratinocytes express macrophage migration inhibitory factor and identified its presence in the cytoplasm. In this study, we detected an increased serum macrophage […]
236

RECONSTITUTED 3-DIMENSIONAL HUMAN SKIN AS A NOVEL IN VITRO MODEL FOR STUDIES OF CARCINOGENESIS.

EpiDerm (Mattek Co., MA) is a reconstituted human skin equivalent which exhibits morphological and growth characteristics similar to human skin. This model has previously been utilized to evaluate the cytotoxicity and irritant potential of various cosmetic and household products. In this study, we show for the first time that EpiDerm can be used successfully to […]
548

VISUALIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF UVB-INDUCED REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN A HUMAN SKIN EQUIVALENT MODEL.

This study by researchers at Procter and Gamble, Kyoto University and Kyoto Pharmaceutical University demonstrated that Mattek’s EpiDerm in vitro 3-D human skin tissue equivalent is useful for visualizing the production of UVB-induced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in real-time, and for evaluating the efficacy of topically applied anti-oxidative compounds to suppress ROS generation and attenuate […]
554

REGULATION OF APOPTOSIS BY P53 IN UV-IRRADIATED HUMAN EPIDERMIS, PSORIATIC PLAQUES AND SENESCENT KERATINOCYTES.

This study by researchers at Loyola University Medical Center demonstrated that Mattek’s EpiDerm in vitro 3-D human skin tissue equivalent can be used to study the sensitivity and resistance of human epidermal keratinocytes to apoptosis when exposed to UV radiation. The carcinogenic effects of sunlight in human epidermis may be thwarted by either: transient growth […]
121

CYTOKINE RESPONSE OF THE EPIDERM SKIN MODEL TO TOPICALLY APPLIED IRRITANTS AND TOXICANTS.

EpiDerm™, Mattek Corporation’s in vitro reproduction of the human epidermis provides a convenient way in which toxicity and irritation potential of chemicals and physical stresses can be assessed. Derived from single strains of human keratinocytes, the model contains layers of cells which have differentiated into easily recognizable component strata of human epidermis. These include basal, […]
784

Evaluation of Cutaneous Damage and Repair Following Acute Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure: Experiments with an In Vitro Reconstructed Human Skin Model and Excised Human Skin

Overexposure of human skin to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is known to produce deleterious effects including cutaneous photoaging and cancers. The present studies were conducted to confirm the utility of a commercially available full-thickness reconstructed human skin model (EpiDermFT) for reproducing tissue and cellular effects involved in cutaneous responses to acute solar UVR exposure. EpiDermFT […]