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ELUCIDATION OF XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM PATHWAYS IN HUMAN SKIN AND HUMAN SKIN MODELS BY PROTEOMIC PROFILING.

van Eijl1, S., Zhu1, Z., Cupitt1, J., Gierula1, M., Gotz2, C., Fritsche2,3, E., Edwards1, R.J. 1Centre for Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, 2Leibniz Institut fur Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, Dusseldorf, Germany, 3 Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Clinic RWTH, Aachen, Germany.
Abstract

Background: Human skin has the capacity to metabolise foreign chemicals (xenobiotics), but knowledge of the various enzymes involved is incomplete. A broad-based unbiased proteomics approach was used to describe the profile of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes present in human skin and hence indicate principal routes of metabolism of xenobiotic compounds. Several in vitro models of human skin have been developed for the purpose of safety assessment of chemicals. The suitability of these epidermal models for studies involving biotransformation was assessed by comparing their profiles of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes with those of human skin. -Methodology/Principal Findings: Label-free proteomic analysis of whole human skin (10 donors) was applied and analysed using custom-built PROTSIFT software. The results showed the presence of enzymes with a capacity for the metabolism of alcohols through dehydrogenation, aldehydes through dehydrogenation and oxidation, amines through oxidation, carbonyls through reduction, epoxides and carboxylesters through hydrolysis and, of many compounds, by conjugation to glutathione. Whereas protein levels of these enzymes in skin were mostly just 4–10 fold lower than those in liver and sufficient to support metabolism, the levels of cytochrome P450 enzymes were at least 300-fold lower indicating they play no significant role. Four epidermal models of human skin had profiles very similar to one another and these overlapped substantially with that of whole skin. Conclusions/Significance: The proteomics profiling approach was successful in producing a comprehensive analysis of the biotransformation characteristics of whole human skin and various in vitro skin models. The results show that skin contains a range of defined enzymes capable of metabolising different classes of chemicals. The degree of similarity of the profiles of the in vitro models indicates their suitability for epidermal toxicity testing. Overall, these results provide a rational basis for explaining the fate of xenobiotics in skin and will aid chemical safety testing programmes.

Keywords

14-3-3 protein beta/alpha, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase type-2, alcohol dehydrogenase 1B, alcohol dehydrogenase 4, alcohol dehydrogenase class-3, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1L1, aldehyde dehydrogenase 2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A2, aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1, aldehyde dehydrogenase 9A1, aldehyde dehydrogenase dimeric NADP-preferring, aldehyde oxidase, aldo-keto reductase 1A1, aldo-keto reductase 1B, aldo-keto reductase 1C, amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B, biotransformation, carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 1, carbonyl reductase [NADPH] 3, catalase, catechol 0-methyltransferase, Cytochrome P450, Epiderm-200, epoxide hydrolase 1, gamma-glutamyltransferase 5, glutathione peroxidase 3, glutathione S-transferase mu, glutathione S-transferase alpha, glutathione S-transferase omega, glutathione S-transferase pi, glutathione S-transferase theta, glutathione synthetase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, liver carboxylesterase 1, long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase 1, membrane primary amine oxidese, microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1, N-acetyltransferase 10, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1, NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, NADPH—cytochrome P450 reductase, nicrosomal glutathione S-transferase 1, peroxiredoxin-1, peroxiredoxin-2, peroxiredoxin-5, peroxlredoxin-6, prostacyclin synthase, Proteomics, PROTSIFT software, quinone oxidoreductase PIG3, short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 7, sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase, sulfotransferase 2B1, thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, Xenobiotic Metabolism

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